Under NEPA, what is required for federal projects that may significantly affect the environment?

Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), federal projects that could significantly impact the environment are required to prepare Environmental Impact Statements (EIS). An EIS provides a detailed analysis of the potential environmental effects of a proposed project, alternatives to the project, and any adverse effects that cannot be avoided should the project be implemented. The purpose of the EIS is to ensure that decision-makers and the public are informed about the environmental consequences of federal actions.

The EIS process includes an opportunity for public comment and review, which enhances transparency and allows for community input, but it is the EIS itself that is specifically mandated when significant environmental impacts are likely. While environmental assessments and public hearings are important components of the NEPA process, they serve different roles and apply in other contexts. Environmental compliance certificates pertain to meeting specific regulatory requirements, but do not encapsulate the comprehensive review that an EIS entails. Thus, for federal projects with significant environmental impacts, the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement is essential and legally required.